Nevertheless, under a worsened macro-fiscal scenario, reflecting Egypt’s record of uneven progress on reforms and high vulnerability to external shocks, we project government debt could instead peak around 105% of GDP this year and remain above 90% through 2029.
Still, the government’s interest burden remains a significant credit-rating constraint given the high public debt stock. While interest payments are set to decline in coming years, they will still account for almost half of revenues on average in the period up to 2029, from 40% in 2023, and for about one third of revenues even by 2029. This reflects the low revenue mobilisation as well as the relatively short average term to maturity of public debt, standing at 3.4 years in June this year. Egypt’s high interest burden will thus remain one of its main credit challenges.
Government Continues to Run Wide Budget Deficits
The government will continue to run large budget deficits, likely to average more than 6% of GDP over the next five years due to the high interest burden and heavy public spending on welfare and public-sector salaries. These wide fiscal deficits will continue to drive elevated public gross financing needs, estimated at 35% of GDP on average annually from 2024-2029, significantly above the IMF’s preferred ceiling of 15% of GDP for emerging-market sovereigns, limiting the government’s budget flexibility.
Uncertainties also remain about the exchange rate regime. Regular interventions by the Central Bank of Egypt (CBE) have characterised trading in the Egyptian pound against the US dollar since the devaluation in March. Egypt’s low levels of net international reserves relative to external gross financing requirements could test the government’s commitment to greater exchange rate flexibility – a condition for continued support from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) – in the longer run.
IMF Support and Abu Dhabi Investments Help Replenish Net International Reserves
Nevertheless, Egypt has taken important steps to improve its financial-system resilience, underscored by the renegotiated agreement with the IMF. Swift progress in implementing the enlarged IMF programme should encourage other donors to proceed with disbursements, including the European Union, with EUR 1bn planned from the EU by end-2024 under a EUR 5bn macro-financial assistance programme.
Cumulative external support could amount to around USD 50bn by 2026, equivalent to about 13% of 2023 GDP, including investments worth USD 35bn announced in February 2024 by Abu Dhabi.
Tight as the government’s fiscal space is, higher foreign currency liquidity facilitates the task of meeting external gross financing needs, which Scope Ratings expects to decline steadily in the years ahead. They should fall below USD 20bn by 2025 (6% of GDP) based on lower external debt and lower current account deficits (around 2%-3% of GDP) should reforms be implemented as expected.
Sustained Reforms Could Reduce Medium-term Economic and Fiscal Imbalances
Progress on reforms in the context of the IMF programme raises the prospect for reduced economic and fiscal imbalances in the medium term. A cabinet reshuffle earlier this month suggests there is renewed impetus behind reforms supporting private sector-led growth and strengthening external-sector competitiveness.
In this context, Egypt’s robust growth and likely declining government debt-to-GDP in the years ahead together with the government’s commitment to fiscal discipline and budget transparency will support the sovereign credit outlook. However, Egypt’s credit trajectory critically depends on the sustained implementation of structural reforms over multiple years, continued political stability, governance continuity, and social cohesion, which are the necessary conditions for the expected macro-economic improvements to materialise.
The authorities have strengthened oversight of public-sector entities, reducing off-budget expenditure and contingent liability risk for the sovereign balance sheet. The gradual removal of subsidies and the ceiling put on public investment spending should widen the primary budget surplus to 2% of GDP in 2024 and 2.5% by 2025, up from 1.1% in 2023, although below the government target of 3.5% for fiscal year 2024/25.
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Thomas Gillet is a Director in Sovereign and Public Sector ratings at Scope Ratings GmbH, and primary analyst on Egypt’s sovereign credit rating. Elena Klare, associate analyst at Scope, contributed to writing this comment.